How the Models Relate to Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How the Models Relate to Economic Growth - Essay Example This study outlines that numerous growth models have been developed by scientists to explain economic growth; Basic Economic Growth Model This model explains that output is a function of two variables, capital stock and labor, in which capital stock includes the infrastructure such as roads, bridges, land etc and labor is the population that are willing and able to work. The formulae that explains this function is Y=F (K, L) where Y stands for output being a function of K and L, capital stock and labor respectively.  Ã‚  The two variables increase resulting in increase in the output Y. This increase can be brought about by investments and population growth. The supply of labor is actually dependent on the demographics of a country. The model given below explains the same relation i.e. when capital and labor increase so does the output giving it a directly proportional relationship.            According to the paper Easic Economic Growth Model    Harrod-Domar Growth Model This was developed in the 1940s by two economists Roy Harrod and Evsey Domar. This model is based on a function by the name of constant returns to scale, which basically means that the two variables capital and labor are used in a constant ratio to each other.  Ã‚  Output is derived in this model by the combination of the capital and the labor, where their graphs meet, called as the isoquants. This model has the assumption that capital and labor are always used in a fixed proportion to each other. The equation for this model is Y=K/v where v represents the capital output ration that can be found by dividing capital with the output or the investment Y.  Ã‚  In the graph below we see that capital and labor are being used in the same proportion giving us an intersection point and when a line is drawn through  those points  to get an isoquant.    As the discussion declares rather than having fixed factors of production, capital and labor could be substituted providing flexibil ity, having a curved isoquant and not the L shaped one that was present before. So this means that output can be increased in three ways, by firstly increasing capital and labor in equal proportion, to increase capital or to increase labor. In this model a change in technology would also lead to increase in the output.                   From this study it is clear that Solow (Neoclassical) Growth Model Solow also developed a procedure by the name of ‘sources of growth analysis’ which explains how much of the economic growth can be attributed to capital, increase in the labor force or their efficiency. The formulae that can be applied is Y=F(K, L, A) where K and L are capital and labor respectively whereas A is a variable that can be anything beside the two variable that can influence growth, for example technology, skill level, health, education etc. So A can be anything that can be an ignored factor helping the economic progress. However to identify these n umerous

U can choose from below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

U can choose from below - Essay Example He realized that the company was one of his working buildings and made a decision of taking all the tests required by the company in order to participate (Steven). Nicholas was immersed in the CRS’s game, though unwillingly. Through his participation in the game, things went out of control making the viewers unsure of the reality. The aim is to explore the plot, techniques, and characters in the film. Plot Nicholas is a wealthy banker with investments. Although his success has been brought about by his personal life, he remains hunted after his father committed suicide. On his forty-eight birthday, he receives a present from his brother, which is a gift card from the CRS Company, which Conrad promised Nicholas that it would change his life. Nicholas doubted but later calls the company. By meeting the fellow members, the game changes Nicholas mind; he applies though irritated by the time it consumed. He is later informed that his application was rejected. By this time, the game has already started and Nicholas highly believes that his life is at risk. He meets Christine who is a waiter and tends to be caught up in the game. Nicholas makes an effort of contacting the police about the company but they find the offices abandoned. At last, Conrad apologizes to Nicholas claiming that through the same company, he was attacked. Since Nicholas had nowhere else to run to, he finds Christine’s’ home and realizes that she is an employee from the SRC Company. She tells Nicholas that they are being watched, and he furiously attacks the cameras thereby forcing them to flee. Christine tells Nicholas that most of his close associates participate in the game. Nicholas later becomes unconscious and is drugged by Christine (Steven). When he wakes up, he finds himself in a cemetery at Mexico where he is forced to sell his golden watch. When he goes back home, he finds his mansion has already been seized. He takes out a gun apologizing to his wife for the neglec t. Nicholas discovers an employee from the SRC who is a famous actor forcing him to make his entries to the SRC. Nicholas almost committed suicide, although unsuccessful. He smashes through a glass roof landing on a giant air bag, which saved his life. He later finds himself with his friends and relatives as well as his colleagues in the game. Conrad is alive and explains that his intensions were for the game to change his brother’s life. Nicholas sees Christine leaving the party, follows her, and shares a cup of coffee, as he waits for the next assignment for the game. How the Actors Portray Key Character Role Reviewing Michael Douglas role as Nicholas Van Orton, examination is on his key traits being a cynic, cold-hearted, high-powered, driven, obsessive, and proud. His obsessive nature is brought out by the way he treats the employees at the investment bank, where he lashes out with demands that are rigid. In terms of being a cynic, he portrays this in a number of ways but in particular, he remains skeptical that the game might make his life fun. He even ends up delaying the call offered by the CRS Company, he also tries to shut others out of his life by showing that he is over the suicide of his father. His high-powered trait and drive are visible in the way he chooses to live his life, with a highly paying investment job and a mansion as his house. However, he is cold-hearted in terms of the inhumane way he treats his secretary (Elizabeth), his ex-wife, and his

Factors Affecting the Rate of a Reaction

Factors Affecting the Rate of a Reaction The aim of this experiment is to investigate whether changing the concentration of a solution will have any effect on the rate of the reaction. We are trying to prove that increasing the concentration will speed up the rate of the reaction. The rate of a chemical reaction is the rate at which reactants are used up or products are produced. In order to measure the rate of reaction we measure the amount of reactants used or products produced over a certain period of time. In our experiment we have chosen to use sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid. This is because this reaction would be the easiest for us to note the rate of the reaction. According to Le Chateliers Principle; â€Å"if a system that is in equilibrium is disturbed, the equilibrium position will change in order to oppose the disturbing influence and re-establish equilibrium† (1). Therefore if the concentration of a substance is increased then the reaction that removes that substance will be favoured in order to re-establish equilibrium in the system. So if we are increasing the concentration of the reactants then the forward reaction will speed up. Based on this information we can predict that the rate of the reaction of sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid will speed up with increased concentration. Since increasing the concentration will increase the amount of molecules we can predict that there will be more effective collisions taking place. The more effective collisions taking place, the quicker the rate of the reaction will be. Increasing the concentration of a substance will increase the rate of the reaction. 5 Equal Volume conical flasks One 500cm ³ measuring cylinder Two 100cm ³ measuring cylinder One 10cm ³ measuring cylinder 8g of sodium thiosulphate 35cm ³ concentrate hydrochloric acid 1 electronic scale 1 filter paper 1 stopwatch 1 piece of white paper with black cross First we had to use the electronic scale to measure out 8g of sodium thiosulphate and then dissolve the 8g of thiosulphate in 200cm ³ of water. This was done in the 500cm ³ measuring cylinder. The next step was to use the 100cm ³ measuring cylinder to measure and pour 50cm ³, 40cm ³, 30cm ³, 20cm ³ and 10cm ³ respectively into the five identical conical flasks. In order to make sure that each conical flask had a total volume of 50cm ³ of solution we added 10cm ³, 20cm ³, 30cm ³ and 40cm ³ of water into the last four flasks. The next step in the process was to use the other 100cm ³ measuring cylinder to prepare a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid. This was done by adding 35cm ³ of hydrochloric acid to 65cm ³ of water. Once all the solutions were prepared it was time to conduct the experiment. We placed the conical flask on the piece of paper over the black cross. We used the 10cm ³ measuring cylinder to measure 5cm ³ of hydrochloric acid solution and added this to the conical flask. As soon as it was added we started the stopwatch. We observed the solution and as soon as it turned a creamy-yellow and the cross could not be seen the stopwatch was stopped and the time was written down. This was then repeated on the other four conical flasks. Once we had completed all the tests we cleaned out all the apparatus and repeated the whole experiment again with the remaining hydrochloric acid solution so that we could compare the results. Flask Sodium Thiosulphate concentration (cm ³) Time (s) (experiment 1) Time (s) (experiment 2) 1 50 32.72 24.16 2 40 33.80 27.90 3 30 54.60 43.01 4 20 84.92 71.01 5 10 197.40 158.19 From the above tables and graphs we can see that our hypothesis is correct. Increasing the concentration of a solution will increase the rate of the reaction. We can also see from the table and the graphs that the rate of the reaction differed in experiment 2. The reason for this could be that when we prepared the dilute solution of hydrochloric acid we did not mix it properly with the water. This lead to there being a stronger dilute in the bottom of the measuring cylinder compared to that at the top of the measuring cylinder. This would have affected the results as it means that in experiment 1 there was a weaker solution of hydrochloric acid used, when it came to experiment 2 we were using the solution at the bottom of the cylinder and that part of the solution is stronger and more concentrated. This actually helped prove our hypothesis as we can see that in experiment 2 the rate of the reaction was shorter. This is because there was a higher concentration of hydrochloric acid being added to the solution. In the graph concentration vs. 1/time we can see that a straight line is formed. This means that there is an inverse relationship between concentration and the rate of a reaction. As the concentration of a substance is increased then the time for the reaction to take place is decreased. From all of the above results from the experiment conducted we can conclude that the rate of a reaction is affected by the concentration of a substance. As there is a higher concentration of molecules in the substance then there will be more effective collisions taking place which means that the reaction will take place much faster. Chemistry Practical Investigation Preparation In this practical investigation we are going to investigate the effect that concentration has on the rate of a reaction. In order to do this we are going to conduct an experiment which involves adding different concentrations of a substance to another substance and then take note of the different rates of reaction, if any difference is to be seen. If a difference is seen then we can come to the conclusion that concentration does have an effect on the rate of a reaction. According to Le Chateliers Principle; â€Å"if a system that is in equilibrium is disturbed, the equilibrium position will change in order to oppose the disturbing influence and re-establish equilibrium† (1). Therefore if the concentration of a substance is increased then the reaction that removes that substance will be favoured in order to re-establish equilibrium in the system. So if we are increasing the concentration of the reactants then the forward reaction will speed up. Based on this information we can predict that the rate of the reaction of sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid will speed up with increased concentration. Since increasing the concentration will increase the amount of molecules we can predict that there will be more effective collisions taking place. The more effective collisions taking place, the quicker the rate of the reaction will be. Thus we can conclude in our hypothesis that increasing the concentration of a substance will increase the rate of the reaction. The rate of a chemical reaction is the rate at which reactants are used up or products are produced. In order to measure the rate of reaction we measure the amount of reactants used or products produced over a certain period of time. In our experiment we have chosen to use sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid. This is because this reaction would be the easiest for us to note the rate of the reaction. Other reactions that we couldve used include the reaction that is represented in the following equation; 2 NO + O2 = 2 NO2. The reason that we did not chose this reaction is because it would be to complicated for us to monitor the rate of the reaction. It is for this reason that we chose to use the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate. In this experiment we are going to prepare five measuring cylinders each with different concentrations of sodium thiosulphate in. This is to test what effect the different concentrations have on the rate of the reaction. In order to make sure that each flask has an equal total volume we will add water to the each measuring cylinder. The next step of the process is to draw a cross on a piece of paper and place it under the measuring cylinder. Once that has been done we will add a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid to each of the measuring cylinders. Since we know that this reaction produces a creamy yellow precipitate it will not be hard to measure the rate of the reaction. Once the hydrochloric acid has been added we will time how long it takes until we cannot see the cross on the paper, this means until the creamy yellow precipitate is formed and the solution becomes turbid. If our hypothesis is correct then we will find that the measuring cylinders with a higher concentration of sodium thiosulphate will take quicker to form a creamy-yellow precipitate, thus proving that increasing concentration increases the rate of the reaction. Bibliography: M. Mann: Physical Science 12 textbook and workbook October 2007: page 16-1 http://www.azete.com/view/48253 http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/coneffec.html

Beware Of Television :: essays research papers

Beware of Television It is considered that one of the greatest inventions of the twentieth century—the television—completely changed the way of a person's life. Television has brought into every home a lot of information and easy-to-reach entertainment. Is its influence on the personality, family, or children positive only or is there another side of the coin? Yes, there is. A negative one. The effect of television depends not only on the content of its programs, but there are more general aspects of influence of TV viewing on intellectual activity. To make sure of that we need to look scrupulously at every aspect of this phenomenon in general, not emphasizing on the quality and content of its production.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An abundance of information pouring into a person's consciousness at a fast pace does not allow him to analyze and comprehend it properly. For example, let us make a comparison between reading and viewing. The pace of reading, clearly, depends entirely upon the reader. He may read as slowly or as rapidly as he can or wishes to read. If he does not understand something, he may stop and reread it, or go in search of elucidation before continuing. The reader can accelerate his pace when the material is easy or less than interesting, and slow down when it is difficult or enthralling. He can put down the book for a few moments and cope with his emotions without fear of losing anything. Unlike reading, the pace of the television experience cannot be controlled by the viewer; he cannot slow down a delightful program or speed up a dreary one. The images move too quickly. He cannot use his own imagination to invest the people and events portrayed on the screen with the per sonal meanings that would help him understand and resolve relationships and conflicts in his own life; he is under the power of the show creators' imagination. He becomes a passive consumer of the TV production; like drugs or alcohol, the television experience allows the participant to blot out the real world and enter into a pleasurable and passive mental state. Like an addict, he puts off other activities to spend hour after hour watching TV and finds television almost irresistible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Television affects family life. In the early sixties almost each magazine articles about television was accompanied by a photograph or illustration showing a family cozily sitting together before the television set: Dad with his arm around Mom's shoulder, children sitting around the parents.

Freakonomics

An Incentive is something that Is used to motivate or use as an encouragement to Improve whatever the person Is doing. In studying economics, Incentives are used as form of payments, to encourage businesses to succeed In whatever they are doing. 2. The united States government puts a tax on foreign car companies to help united State citizens encourage to buy the American made cars. This acts as an Incentive for the citizens to buy American made cars to support the united States economy. The government's plan to raise test scores actually worked because In public schools, teachers are awarded or punished based on their kids' performance on standardized tests. 4. When a Japanese sumo wrestler is on the bubble, it means that if one sumo wrestler which is almost out of the competition faces a sumo wrestler that has a lot of wins, the wrestler with a lot of wins will let the one that is almost out of the competition win. 5. The authors from Freakishness are concluding that people are lust dishonest. When Paul Feldman left the basket and bagels, he noticed that all of he money was vanishing.This plays into economics because it shows us that small offices run more honestly and more efficiently. Chapter 3: Why do drug dealers still live with their moms? 1 . Conventional wisdom is something that is generally believed in. It is ideas that are generally accepted by the public. Conventional wisdom is used to encourage people to get more support and pay a closer attention to detail. 2. Although the police departments got rid of at least two thousand police reports in efforts to lower the crime rate, the crime rate still managed to rise because of the media's coverage on rack cocaine. 3.The Black Disciples street gain was set up Just like a common business is set up. The top people in charge of both were called the board of directors. Under them, there will bosses in different cities which controlled another three individuals. There was a treasurer Just like in a business wh o manages the money and the â€Å"foot soldier† who sold the gangs' drugs acted as sales people In large businesses. 4. A street-level drug dealer Is willing to accept low pay and poor working conditions so that he has a drive and something to work up to In order to come a bigger boss to eventually make more money.Like In small business, sales people act as lower earning Individuals who eventually want to work their way up to becoming something bigger and making more In a company. 5. A street level drug salesman Is different from a franchise owner because the drug dealer Is mostly looking out for himself and trying to make enough money to get by from month to month. However, they are both attempting to maximize their profits because they both want to see the company or their personal lives grow better. Chapter 4: Where have all the crimes gone?

What aspects of this passage are of interest, considering the novel as a whole?

In this passage, a number of key themes are introduced into the novel. Waugh highlights Guy's dislocation in society and his feelings of loneliness and exclusion. Waugh also satirises the upper class of society greatly throughout the novel and particularly in this passage. Other themes presented in the passage which are important to the novel as a whole are themes of selfishness and justice. In the passage, Waugh portrays as lonely and excluded from society at the time. From the statement, ‘There was always someone going Guy's way towards his hotel, always a friendly arm. But his heart was lonely. , we can see that Guy is unable to find a female companion which adds to his loneliness and gives his life less purpose. Furthermore, he seeks comfort from the old soldiers but ‘Guy found no sympathy among these old soldiers for his own hot indignation'. Guy seems to be insulted by the fact he is not able to lead the life of a typical soldier and feel a sense of inclusion. Later in the novel, Guy psychologically excludes himself from the rest of his regiment by saying ‘It looks as though I am going to be an extra mouth', implying that he is not useful to society at the time, giving his life little purpose. By describing Guy's situation, Waugh is questioning whether society fulfils its purpose of making people feel included and useful. Guy's age acts as a barrier between him and the younger soldiers who call him ‘Uncle', emphasised when ‘He was excused from parades and Physical Training' because of his injury. Before the passage, Waugh explains that ‘Guy alone was a stranger among them'. Waugh's use of emotive language such as ‘Guy alone' and the word ‘stranger' help create an image of loneliness, as Guy is different from the rest of the men. Guy's inability to live a life of fulfilment and feel a sense of inclusion plays a part in Waugh's satirising of the upper class. Waugh suggests that the exclusivity of the upper class prevents Guy living a life of fulfilment. Guy wants to become a part of the war effort in order to make himself useful but finds himself being excluded. This is supported by Lord Kilbannock who remarks that ‘It's a very exclusive war at present. Once you're in, there's every opportunity. Waugh is able to satirise the upper class by ridiculing the principles, actions and traditions of the Halberdiers. Waugh often patronises the Halberdiers with Guy thinking ‘†¦ it seemed impossible that anything conducted by the Halberdiers could fall short of excellence'. However, this statement is ironic as, in the same chapter, Guy and half a dozen of the Halberdiers receive the wrong order, culminating in them missing the train to their new destination, Kut-al-Imara House. This shows that the Halberdiers give the appearance of a well organised force, but in reality, they are not an efficient fighting force. Waugh also satirises the upper class through the use of double-barreled names. In the passage, the name ‘Box-Bender' is mentioned. Throughout the novel, Waugh uses double-barrelled names for numerous characters, such as ‘Ritchie-Hook, Sarum-Smith' and a triple-barrelled name for ‘Grace-Groundling-Marchpole'. In their endeavour to remain exclusive, they have embellished their names to the extent of comical pomposity. However, the name ‘Crouchback' serves only to exclude Guy yet further, giving a pathetic image of a poor, old man bent over with a sore back. The exclusiveness of the upper class is translated into the theme of selfishness by many characters throughout the novel. Firstly, many young soldiers had their lives ruined by generals such as Ritchie-Hook who were prepared to carelessly ‘spend them'. In the passage, Waugh argues that ‘Most of them had gone straight from school to the trenches and spent the rest of their lives forgetting the mice and lice and noise. ‘ The repetition of the word ‘and' in this sentence emphasises the negative aspects of war. Secondly, in this novel as a whole, Virginia represents the selfishness of the upper class. She is prepared to use men for their money and leave them if they lose their money. For example, when talking to Guy outside the passage, Virginia reminisces ‘It was the year everyone went broke†¦ That was another of the troubles with Tommy' and ‘Money gone, Me gone, all in one go'. Both these comments show that Virginia left her husbands when they had no money, illustrating her lack of principles and selfishness. Waugh extends the theme of selfishness in the novel to society in general, when the hotel owners raise their prices such as at the Marine Hotel. Managements and servants had settled down to the simple policy of doing less than they had done before, for rather more money. ‘ They are exploiting their fellow countrymen as they know that comfortable accommodation is at a premium. The moral issues involving Apthorpe's selfish and ruthless attitude to promotion relate to the theme of justice in the novel. During the passage, justice is considered briefly by the old soldiers. Box-Bender's view is that ‘You'd have a general strike and the whole country in collapse if you set up to be just'. This reinforces the moral issue that a selfish, immoral man finds it easier to progress in our society, illustrated by men in authority such as the Brigade Major and Ritchie-Hook. Guy takes the Brigade Major's advice and takes a bottle of whisky to Apthorpe in hospital as an act of kindness, but this results in the death of Apthorpe for which he is forced to take full responsibility. Neither the Brigade Major nor Ritchie-Hook give him any support. This event shows that army life encourages a ruthless, selfish attitude as a lack of justice within the army ranks will ensure this type of character succeeds.